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- Into the Depths of A Black Hole
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- Everyday we look out upon the night sky, wondering and dreaming of
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- what lies beyond our planet. The universe that we live in is so diverse
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- and unique, and it interests us to learn about all the variance that
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- lies beyond our grasp. Within this marvel of wonders our universe holds
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- a mystery that is very difficult to understand because of the complications
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- that arise when trying to examine and explore the principles of space.
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- That mystery happens to be that of the ever clandestine, black hole.
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- This essay will hopefully give you the knowledge and understanding
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- of the concepts, properties, and processes involved with the space
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- phenomenon of the black hole. It will describe how a black hole is
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- generally formed, how it functions, and the effects it has on the universe.
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- In order to understand what exactly a black hole is, we must first
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- take a look at the basis for the cause of a black hole. All black holes
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- are formed from the gravitational collapse of a star, usually having a
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- great, massive, core. A star is created when huge, gigantic, gas clouds
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- bind together due to attractive forces and form a hot core, combined from
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- all the energy of the two gas clouds. This energy produced is so great
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- when it first collides, that a nuclear reaction occurs and the gases within
- the star start to burn continuously. The Hydrogen gas is usually the first
- type of gas consumed in a star and then other gas elements such as Carbon,
- Oxygen, and Helium are consumed.
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- This chain reaction fuels the star for millions or billions of
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- years depending upon the amount of gases there are.
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- The star manages to avoid collapsing at this point because of the
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- equilibrium achieved by itself. The gravitational pull from the core of
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- the star is equal to the gravitational pull of the gases forming a type of
- orbit, however when this equality is broken the star can go into several
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- different stages.
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- Usually if the star is small in mass, most of the gases will be
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- consumed while some of it escapes. This occurs because there is not a
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- tremendous gravitational pull upon those gases and therefore the star
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- weakens and becomes smaller. It is then referred to as a White Dwarf.
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- If the star was to have a larger mass however, then it may possibly
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- Supernova, meaning that the nuclear fusion within the star simply goes
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- out of control causing the star to explode. After exploding a fraction
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- of the star is usually left (if it has not turned into pure gas) and that
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- fraction of the star is known as a neutron star.
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- A black hole is one of the last option that a star may take. If
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- the core of the star is so massive (approximately 6-8 solar masses;
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- one solar mass being equal to the sun's mass) then it is most likely that
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- when the star's gases are almost consumed those gases will collapse inward,
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- forced into the core by the gravitational force laid upon them.
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- After a black hole is created, the gravitational force continues
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- to pull in space debris and other type of matters to help add to the
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- mass of the core, making the hole stronger and more powerful.
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- Most black holes tend to be in a consistent spinning motion.
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- This motion absorbs various matter and spins it within the ring (known as
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- the Event Horizon) that is formed around the black hole. The matter keeps
- within the Event Horizon until it has spun into the centre where it is
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- concentrated within the core adding to the mass. Such spinning black holes
- are known as Kerr Black Holes.
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- Most black holes orbit around stars due to the fact that they once
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- were a star, and this may cause some problems for the neighbouring stars.
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- If a black hole gets powerful enough it may actually pull a star into it
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- and disrupt the orbit of many other stars. The black hole could then
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- grow even stronger (from the star's mass) as to possibly absorb another.
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- When a black hole absorbs a star, the star is first pulled into the
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- Ergosphere, which sweeps all the matter into the Event Horizon, named for
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- it's flat horizontal appearance and because this happens to be the place
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- where mostly all the action within the black hole occurs. When the star is
- passed on into the Event Horizon the light that the star endures is bent
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- within the current and therefore cannot be seen in space. At this exact
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- point in time, high amounts of radiation are given off, that with the
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- proper equipment can be detected and seen as an image of a black hole.
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- Through this technique astronomers now believe that they have found a black
- hole known as Cygnus X1. This supposed black hole has a huge star orbiting
- around it, therefore we assume there must be a black hole that it is in
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- orbit with.
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- The first scientists to really take an in depth look at black holes
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- and the collapsing of stars, were a professor, Robert Oppenheimer and his
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- student Hartland Snyder, in the early nineteen hundreds. They concluded
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- on the basis of Einstein's theory of relativity that if the speed of light
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- was the utmost speed over any massive object, then nothing could escape
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- a black hole once in it's clutches. **(1)
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- The name "black hole" was named such, because of the fact that light
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- could not escape from the gravitational pull from the core, thus making the
- black hole impossible for humans to see without using technological
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- advancements for measuring such things like radiation. The second part of
- the word was named "hole" due to the fact that the actual hole, is where
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- everything is absorbed and where the centre core presides. This core is
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- the main part of the black hole where the mass is concentrated and appears
- purely black on all readings even through the use of radiation
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- detection devices.
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- Just recently a major discovery was found with the help of a device
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- known as The Hubble Telescope. This telescope has just recently found
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- what many astronomers believe to be a black hole, after being focused on
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- an star orbiting empty space. Several picture were sent back
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- to Earth from the telescope showing many computer enhanced pictures of
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- various radiation fluctuations and other diverse types of readings that
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- could be read from the area in which the black hole is suspected to be in.
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- Several diagrams were made showing how astronomers believe that
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- if somehow you were to survive through the centre of the black hole that
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- there would be enough gravitational force to possible warp you to another
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- end in the universe or possibly to another universe. The creative ideas
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- that can be hypothesized from this discovery are endless.
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- Although our universe is filled with much unexplained, glorious,
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- phenomenons, it is our duty to continue exploring them and to continue
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- learning, but in the process we must not take any of it for granted.
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- As you have read, black holes are a major topic within our universe
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- and they contain so much curiosity that they could possibly hold
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- unlimited uses. Black holes are a sensation that astronomers are
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- still very puzzled with. It seems that as we get closer to solving
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- their existence and functions, we just end up with more and more questions.
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- Although these questions just lead us into more and more unanswered
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- problems we seek and find refuge into them, dreaming that maybe one day,
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- one far off distant day, we will understand all the conceptions and we
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- will be able to use the universe to our advantage and go where only
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- our dreams could take us.
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- Dave May 343
- 1992/12/04
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- References For Into The Depths of a Black Hole
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- **(1): Parker, Barry. Colliding Galaxies. PG#96
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